Indian general election, 2014
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The Indian general election of 2014 was held to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha, electing members of parliament for all 543 parliamentary constituenciesof India. Running in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May 2014, it was the longest election in the country's history.[3][4] According to the Election Commission of India, 814.5 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 100 million voters since the last general election in 2009,[5] making it the largest-ever election in the world.[6] Around 23.1 million or 2.7% of the total eligible voters were aged 18–19 years.[7] A total of 8,251 candidates contested for the 543 Lok Sabha seats.[8] The average election turnout over all nine phases was around 66.38%, the highest ever in the history of Indian general elections.[8]
The results were declared on 16 May, fifteen days before the 15th Lok Sabhacompleted its constitutional mandate on 31 May 2014.[9] The counting exercise was held at 989 counting centres.[8] The National Democratic Alliance, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party, won a sweeping victory, taking 336 seats. The BJP itself won 31.0% of all votes and 282 (51.9%) of all seats. It is the first time since the 1984 Indian general elections that a party has won enough seats to govern without the support of other parties.[10] The United Progressive Alliance, led by the Indian National Congress, won 58 seats,[2] 44 (8.1%) of which were won by the Congress, that won 19.3% of all votes.[1][11] It was the Congress party's worst defeat in a general election.[12][13] BJP and its allies won the right to form the largest majority government since the 1984 general election.[14]
Contents
[hide]Background[edit]
By requirement, elections to the Lok Sabha must be held at an interval of five years or whenever parliament is dissolved by the president. The previous election, to the 15th Lok Sabha, was conducted in April–May 2009, and its term would have naturally expired on 31 May 2014. The election to the 16th Lok Sabha was organised and conducted by the Election Commission of India (ECI) and was held in multiple phases, to better handle the large electoral base and security concerns.
Since the last general election in 2009, the anti-corruption movement by Anna Hazare, and other similar moves by Baba Ramdev and Arvind Kejriwal (founder of Aam Aadmi Party), gathered momentum and political interest.[15] Kejriwal went on to form a separate political party, Aam Aadmi Party, in November 2012. The 2012 presidential election resulted in Pranab Mukherjee of Indian National Congress becoming the president. Andhra politics was further shaken following the death of its chief minister, Y. S. R. Reddy. His son, Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy, then broke from the INC and founded the YSR Congress, taking several politicians with him.
The final session of parliament started on 6 February and ended on 21 February. Amongst the agenda in the final session was passing the The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill, 2013 in tackling corruption and the creation of Telangana.[16]
Organization[edit]
Spending limit[edit]
The Cabinet of India revised the limit of election expenditure by a candidate for parliamentary constituencies to 
7 million (US$110,000) in bigger states and to 5.4 million (US$85,000) in smaller states and all union territories except Delhi.[17] This revision of the ceiling on election expenditure was attributed to the increase in the number of electors and polling stations as well as the increase in the cost inflation index.
7 million (US$110,000) in bigger states and to 5.4 million (US$85,000) in smaller states and all union territories except Delhi.[17] This revision of the ceiling on election expenditure was attributed to the increase in the number of electors and polling stations as well as the increase in the cost inflation index.Accessibility[edit]
Satendra Singh, a doctor with a disability,[18] showed the lack of preparedness by the Election Commission of India (ECI) towards electors with disabilities through the Right to Information Act.[19] The Chief Electoral Officer in Delhi, Vijay Dev then started a campaign on providing accessibility for the disabled, along with him. Singh conducted sensitisation workshops for election officers and helped in setting up a registration link for voters with disabilities to register to vote and provide their requirements.[20]
Election dates[edit]
The Chief Election Commissioner of India (CEC), V. S. Sampath, announced the polling schedule on 5 March. Voting was scheduled to be held in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May, and the results of the election were announced on 16 May.[21][22] Simultaneous elections were held for the Vidhan Sabhas of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim.[23]
Campaign[edit]
Main article: Campaigning in the Indian general election, 2014
Issues[edit]
Important issues during the campaign included high inflation, lack of jobs, economic slow down, corruption, security and terrorism, religious division and communalism, and infrastructure such as roads, electricity and water.[24][25][26]In another survey by Zee News for about 14% of people, corruption is the main issue in the election.[27]
Economy[edit]
Bloomberg highlighted India's slowing economy amidst a record high current account deficit and a falling rupeein summer 2013. It pointed out a lack of infrastructure investment and a government increasingly likely to give subsidies that the national finances cannot afford just before the election. Other points it mentioned were stagnant policymaking and an inefficient bureaucracy.[28] The economy was the main issue in the campaign.[29]The lack of a clear mandate as a result of the election could lead to an increase in the price of gold in the country.[30][31] Modi also brought up the issue of farmer suicides that resulted from high debt and poor yield on their crops.[32] Former Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha criticised the incumbent Chidambaram in saying that he had a "habit that he will get a strong economy, and he will ruin it before he leaves... Shri Chidambaram will be remembered in history as a spoiler, as someone who specialises in sub-five per cent growth rate, for his hubris, arrogance".[33]
Corruption[edit]
See also: List of scandals in India
During the UPA 2, a number of scams came to public attention, deteriorating the image of the government among the common man. These scams included coal scam, 2G scam and CWG scam.
Price rise[edit]
The price of onions, a staple in Indian cuisine, faced a dramatic increase.[34] In the lead up to the election, consumer price inflation increased more than expected while, paradoxically, industrial production fell by more than expected causing a dilemma amid slowing growth.[35] The price of salt was also indicative of general food inflation.[36]
Celebrity candidates[edit]
Celebrity candidates from non-political spheres were nominated in the election. These included: Babul Supriyo (BJP), Innocent Vincent (LDF-IND), Nagma (actress)(INC), Bhaichung Bhutia (TMC), Bappi Lahiri (BJP), Biswajit Chatterjee (TMC), Dev (TMC), Gul Panag (AAP), Indranil Sen (TMC), Jaaved Jaaferi (AAP), Piyush Roshan (AAP), Kamaal Rashid Khan (SP), Kirron Kher (BJP), Mahesh Manjrekar (MNS), Mohammad Kaif (INC), Moon Moon Sen (TMC), Nandan Nilekani (INC), P. C. Sorcar, Jr. (BJP), Paresh Rawal (BJP), Prakash Jha (JD(U)), Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (BJP), Rakhi Sawant (RAP), Ravi Kishan (INC), Hema Malini (BJP),Shatrughan Sinha (BJP), Vinod Khanna (BJP), Bhagwant Mann (AAP), Raj Babbar (INC), Manoj Tiwari (BJP), Jaya Prada (RLD), Vijay Kumar Singh (BJP) andSmriti Irani (BJP).[37][38][39][40]
Parties and alliances[edit]
National Democratic Alliance[edit]
The constituents of the National Democratic Alliance and the seats they contested and won are shown at the right in the table: The NDA garnered an overwhelming number of 343 seats in this election. This has propelled it to form the government in the country. [41][42][43][44][45]
Bharatiya Janata Party[edit]
- Organisation
Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi was chosen to lead the Bharatiya Janata Party's campaign after a party conclave in Goa.[46][47] This came amid controversy as Lal Krishna Advani opposed the decision and resigned from his party posts, only to later rescind his resignation.[48] Murli Manohar Joshi andSushma Swaraj were part of the team for the campaign. Rajnath Singh, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani were the mentors for the BJP's campaign.[49] A 12-member committee, led by Modi, was appointed at the Goa conclave which included M. Venkaiah Naidu, Nitin Gadkari, Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Raman Singh and Goa Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar.[50]
- Key Leader's Constituencies
Modi contested the election from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh[51] and Vadodara in Gujarat.[52] In Varanasi, the sizeable Muslim minority population was viewed by the media as an important voter target and the BJP's minority cell leader Salim Mohommad took part in campaigning.[53] Advani wanted to contest from Bhopalbut later agreed to contest again from his incumbent seat Gandhinagar.[54] He also rejected a proposal to be appointed to the Rajya Sabha in favour of running in the election.[55] Advani was given the Gandhinagar seat because Modi wanted him to contest from Gujarat, according to Rajnath Singh.[56] Arun Jaitley contested for the Lok Sabha for the first time (having previously been aRajya Sabha member)[57] from Amritsar against former Punjab Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh.[58] The move was controversial as incumbent MP from Amritsar Navjot Singh Sidhu was unhappy in not being allocated the constituency. Yet he said that as Jaitley was his "guru" he would accept the decision, but would not run from any other constituency. The reason for not allocating the ticket to Sidhu was said to be because of his spat with theShiromani Akali Dal Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal and party President Sukhbir Singh Badal, as well as other BJP personnel.[59] Jaswant Singh was denied nomination from Barmer constituency so he decided instead to contest the seat as an independent.[60] BJP candidate S. Gurumurthy's nomination was rejected from Niligiris for failing to submit mandatory forms.[61][62][63][64][65][66]
- Campaign and Issues
The BJP released its manifesto on 7 April 2014. The party promised to set up a Price Stabilization Fund and to evolve a single 'National Agriculture Market' to check price rise and go for e-Governance, policy-driven governance and simplification of the tax regime to prevent corruption. It wanted to encourage labour-intensive manufacturing, focus on traditional employment bases of agriculture, the upgrade of infrastructure and housing and self-employment opportunities for job creation. Harnessing satellite technology; setting up National Optical-Fibre Network up to the village level; Diamond Quadrilateral project – of High Speed Train network were among several other things that the party promised.[67] The Himachal Pradesh BJP attacked the UPA's "one rank, one pension" scheme as an "election stunt," according to the convenor of the BJP's ex-servicemen cell, Brigadier (Retired) Lal Chand Jaswal. The move followed the BJP raising the issue in the previous years and Modi's announcement at an ex-servicemen's rally at Rewari on 15 September 2013 and at Sujanpur on 17 February.[68] Modi also criticised the INC and Rahul Gandhi for giving a ticket to former Maharashtra Chief Minister Ashok Chavan despite his indictment in the Adarsh Housing Society scam in Mumbai.[69] He further criticised Gandhi's comments about his governance of Gujarat at rally in Bijapur.[70] At a rally in Gurgaon, Haryana, part of the wider National Capital Region, Modi said: "People gave ruling Congress 60 years, I just need 60 months to prove that the BJP is the best option for India" and alleged that the INC was protecting Robert Vadra, the son-in-law of Sonia Gandhi, after he was said to have "sold farmers land" and made money. "Robert Vadra's empty bank account was credited with $8.30m (Rs 500 million) in just three months. BJP want answers".[71] He also criticised the INC's Nandan Nilekani as he had "squandered crores of rupees in giving a unique identity (Aadhaar) to millions of people, which even the Supreme Court questioned, as it did not address the security concerns".[72]
Amongst the social media, individuals came up with satirical takes on sports, movies (in Hindi and English) and songs, amongst other things, in support of the BJP campaign slogan that were premised on "Aab ki baar, Modi sarkar" ([This time, [we will have a] Modi government]).[73] Modi was noted for focusing, in his rallies across the country, on the 23 million first-time come-of-age voters.[74] By the last day of campaigning on 10 May, Narendra Modi had undertaken the largest mass outreach in India's electoral history by travelling about 300,000 km for 437 public meetings in 25 states and 1350 innovative 3D rallies according to the BJP.[75]
In regards to foreign relations of India, Modi in a rally in Arunachal Pradesh, a state which borders China with a history of border disputes, swore to protect the country[76] and criticised "Chinese expansionism".[77] He also highlighted the importance of diplomats discussing issues like trade facilitation and promoting Indian business abroad.[78]
Others[edit]
- Lok Janshakti Party
Lok Janshakti Party leader Ram Vilas Paswan announced on 30 January that the LJP, RJD and INC will jointly contest the election from Bihar's constituencies.[79]He later announced on 27 February that he will instead join the NDA. LJP contested polls with the BJP and Rashtriya Lok Samata Party (RLSP) on 40 seats with 30 seats for BJP, three seats for RLSP and seven seats for LJP. LJP and RLSp won all the seats allotted to them with BJP winning 22 seats. The election was seen by many BJP leaders as a show of strength after fallout with JD (U). After the election results, Nitish Kumar was forced to resign from the post of Chief Minister after being marginalized to just 2 seats.[80]
- Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (DMDK), led by Tamil film actor Vijayakanth joined the NDA on 26 February.[81]
- Lok Satta Party
On 10 April, while campaigning in Telangana, Jayaprakash Narayan of the Lok Satta Party stated that while his party had a few differences of opinion with the BJP manifesto, they had decided to support the NDA in the "national interest".[82] On the other hand, Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan contested from the Malkajgiri. Malkajgiri had 2,953,915 eligible voters in the election making it the largest parliamentary constituency of the country in terms of number of voters.[83]
- Shiv Sena, Swabhimani Paksha and Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
The Swabhimani Paksha (SWP) a political party of Swabhimani Shetkari Saghtana (SSS) joined the Shiv Sena-BJP-Republican Party of India (Athvale) alliance in February. The SSS, which represents the interests of farmers in western Maharashtra was offered two seats – Madha in Solapur, where NCP leader Sharad Pawar sits, and Hathkanangale, the seat of SSS leader Raju Shetti. Shetti also sought Baramati but this was rejected by the Shiv Sena and BJP, who decided to leave a seat each from their quotas of 22 and 26 to accommodate SSS.[84] Rashtriya Samaj Paksha also joined the alliance in January.[85] In addition to the aforementioned four parties that were contesting from Maharashtra, RSP was also in the alliance.[86]
- Shiromani Akali Dal
Shiromani Akali Dal contested 10 out of 13 seats in Punjab, India.
United Progressive Alliance[edit]
Further information: List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the Indian general election, 2014
The constituents of the United Progressive Alliance and the seats they contested and won are shown at the right in the table: This election turned out to be a nightmare for the UPA as they garnered the lowest number of seats in their history.
In March, the INC, RJD and NCP announced that they would jointly contest in Bihar.[98] The INC contested 12 seats, NCP fought on 1 seat and the RJD, being a regional party, would seek the rest of 27 seats.
Indian National Congress[edit]
The Indian National Congress had announced, on the fourth anniversary of the second United Progressive Alliance government, that its campaign for the election would be led by incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, INC chairperson Sonia Gandhi and general secretary Rahul Gandhi.[99] Rahul Gandhi was appointed to head a six-member committee to formulate and implement alliances, the party manifesto and general publicity for the election.[100]
In response to sagging opinion poll numbers for the general election, the INC sought to fast-track a decision on separating Telangana from Andhra Pradesh, create a coalition government with the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha and theRashtriya Janata Dal in Jharkhand, sought to take credit for the Food Security Bill and passing Land Acquisition Bill.[101]
- Prime Minister Candidate
Incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that he would not return to his role should the INC get a majority or plurality.[102] Rahul Gandhi told Dainik Bhaskar that he was "ready to take charge" of any responsibility the party gave him and he added that: "My focus for India is a long term vision, where all Indians are treated with equality, respect and are given equal opportunities."[103] At the party meeting it was decided not to name a prime ministerial candidate amid fears it would turn the election into a presidential one. This was criticised by the BJP. Gandhi would instead lead the party's campaign.[104] He also called the election a turning point.[105] Sonia Gandhi then said that the party will face upcoming challenges and the election with a "lot of determination;" she added that the election would be a battle for India. "Divisive forces are stretching social fabric to breaking point. Opposition's way is to spread disharmony. There's a face hidden behind the mask of compassion."[106]
- Rahul Gandhi
In January, in an interview with Arnab Goswami, Gandhi admitted that some Congress members may have been involved in the 1984 riots and further stated that Modi's government was responsible for pushing the 2002 riots while the Congress government in 1984 tried to stop the anti Sikh riots.[107] Fellow UPA member,Praful Patel said that the 2002 matter should be put to rest.[108] As Gandhi was reported to have sought an early declaration of the party's candidates, the INC was scheduled to hold its first meeting of the central election committee on 13 February to finalise all their candidates by the end of the month. Similarly, the screening committees for several unnamed part of the country had already occurred so as to shortlist the candidates.[109] On 8 March, its list of 194 candidates was announced, including 35% of candidates that were below the age of 50 years.[110] The INC was reported to be concerned by the possibility of a reduced mandate in Gandhi's seat of Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency) amidst an unusual challenge by his high-profile competitor, the BJP's Smriti Irani. It even led to his mother, Sonia, campaigning there for the first time in 10 years.[111]
- Muslim candidates
The least number of candidates won in 16th lok sabha election after 1952. Total number of Muslim MPs are 22, out of which 8 are from WB, 4 are from Bihar, 3 are from Jammu and Kasmir, 2 from Kerela, 2 from Assam and 1 from each of Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Lakshdeep. In 15th Lok Sabha, it was 30. At present there are no Muslim representatives from UP and Maharastra having a remarkable number of Muslim citizenry.
- Opinion Polls
The INC dismissed the opinion polls pointing to a NDA plurality as misleading and partisan.[112] In its manifesto the party promised "inclusive growth" and that it would initiate a raft of welfare schemes, including a right to healthcare for all and pensions for the aged and disabled.[113] Manmohan Singh, Sonia and Rahul Gandhi's INC campaigning included scheduled stops in Odisha[114] and, on 20 April, in Maharashtra prior to the third phase.[115] Rahul Gandhi told a rally in Chhattisgarh that Modi would "divide the nation into pieces, and make people fight against each other."[116]
- Media
During the election, former prime ministerial aide Sanjaya Baru published "The Accidental Prime Minister: The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh" in which he criticised Singh as not being fully in charge of his government in having to compete with the dynastic INC leader, Sonia Gandhi, for influence within his own cabinet. Singh's office retorted in saying it is "smacks of fiction and coloured views of a former adviser."[117] After Baru said "it is no secret that Sonia Gandhi was the super prime minister," Priyanka Vadra replied "I think Manmohan Singh ji is the super PM."[118]
Others[edit]
- National Conference
Minister for New and Renewable Energy and National Conference chairman Farooq Abdullah, controversially, told a rally in Srinagar that in regards to Modi becoming prime minister "if it happens then Kashmir will not remain a part of India. I say it publicly. Kashmiris will not accept a communal person". He added before going to a scheduled rally in Magam that "those who vote for Modi should drown themselves in sea".[119]
- Nationalist Congress Party
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) was in alliance with the INC in the states of Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.[89][120][121]
- Rashtriya Janata Dal
Rashtriya Janata Dal leader Lalu Prasad Yadav said of the BJP's ruling chances that "Modi and Advani can never become the prime minister in their lifetime. Secular forces in this country would never allow the saffron outfit to come to power". In relation to the INC's Rahul Gandhi he said that Gandhi wants to bring change to the country; he added in relation to Digvijay Singh that he was a "good man".[122]
- Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) contested polls in alliance with INC and RJD in Jharkhand.[123] JMM and INC contested in four and ten seats each, respectively. JMM leader Shibu Soren will run from Dumka, while the other three party's seats could come from Rajmahal, Giridih and the purpose-built city of Jamshedpur.[124]
Left Front[edit]
Further information: List of Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidates in the Indian general election, 2014 and List of Left Front candidates in the Indian general election, 2014
- Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India
The Communist Party of India (Marxist) declared their campaign slogan as "Reject Congress, Defeat BJP."[125] On 3 April, the party published its fourth list of candidates for a total of 94 candidates.[126]
In West Bengal, CPI (M) contested as part of the Left Front. 32 out of the 42 Left Front candidates in West Bengal came from the CPI (M), while 20 of its candidates were running for the first time.[127] In Kerala, the CPI (M) contested as a constituent of the Left Democratic Front. In the list of the 15 CPI (M) candidates in Kerala released in mid-March, four were incumbent Lok Sabha members and five others were independents.[clarification needed][128][129] The Kollam seat was allocated to M.A. Baby after the RSP left the LDF and joined the United Democratic Front.[130]
In Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Odisha and Tamil Nadu, the CPI (M) made an electoral pact with the CPI and other left parties.[which?][131][132][133][134][135][136][137] In Andhra Pradesh, however, no agreement could be reached between the CPI (M) and the CPI due to differences on the Telangana issue; CPI (M) opposed bifurcation, while the CPI supported creating Telangana.[138] In Telangana region, CPI contested one seat (in alliance with Indian National Congress[139]), while CPI (M) contested two seats.
Other parties[edit]
- Aam Aadmi Party
The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), formed in 2012, contested 432 seats and won 4 seats.[140] The party's manifesto focused on anti-corruption measures.[141] Earlier in 2013, the party had made an impressive electoral debut by winning the second highest number of seats in the Delhi Legisltive Assembly elections. After forming a short-lived minority government in Delhi, AAP was seen as a major challenger to the other political parties.[142] However, the party lost deposits on 413 seats,[140]surpassing the record of Doordarshi Party, which had lost deposit on 321 seats in 1991.[143] AAP's leader Arvind Kejriwal unsuccessfully contested against the BJP's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi from Varanasi.[144] Its spokesperson Prashant Bhushan argued that AAP's national debut performance was better than that of the winning party BJP in its first national elections in 1984.[145]
- All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) opted not to join any alliance and contested all seats in Tamil Nadu on its own.[146] Party leaderJayalalithaa told a rally in March that she would modernise the armed forces by enhancing their capabilities so that they were on par with the superpowers. In saying so she criticised the UPA's governance including its economic, diplomatic and defence policies, adding that modernisation of the armed forces was hindered by steady curtailing of its funding.[147] AIADMK managed to win 37 out of a total of 39 parliamentary constituencies in the state of Tamil Nadu.
- All India Forward Bloc
Further information: List of All India Forward Bloc candidates in the Indian general election, 2014
On 21 March, the All India Forward Bloc released its first list of candidates that covered 38 seats in West Bengal, Maharashtra, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Jharkhand, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Odisha, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Delhi. According to the party's Secretary Debabrata Biswas the main objective of the party was "to strengthen and unite the Left, democratic and secular forces to achieve an alternative policy for reconstruction of the country."[148][149]In West Bengal the party will contest the election as part of the Left Front.[127] To defend the two West Bengal seats that it won in 2009, the party decided to field incumbent MP Narahari Mahato in the Purulia seat and a new candidate in the Cooch Behar seat.[148]
- Bahujan Samaj Party
On 19 March, Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) leader Mayawati declared that the party would contest the election on its own and fielded candidates in all 80 seats in Uttar Pradesh. Mayawati was confident that the BSP would seek a mandate to form a government with support of secular parties.[150] Though the party was able to secure third highest vote share but it didn't managed to win even a single seat in Uttar Pradesh and the country.
- Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
At a press conference held on 10 March, General Secretary of the party Dipankar Bhattacharya said his party would field 85 candidates in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Punjab, Jharkhand and Puducherry.[151]
- Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) opted not to join an UPA pre-poll alliance and contested all seats in Tamil Nadu with its own regional alliance. Party leader Karunanidhi announced Democratic Progressive Alliance (DPA) with local parties like VCK, MMK, IUML and Puthiya Tamizhagam. DMK was not able to secure even a single seat throughout the country.
- Janata Dal (United)
The media speculated that Modi still had a chance of gaining in Bihar at the expense of Nitish Kumar's Janata Dal. Whilst the BJP were in coalition with JD(U), Modi was not allowed to speak at rallies in the party by mutual understanding and was only allowed for special events such as a funeral or party conclave, even Modi's flood relief aid to Bihar was termed communal. Bihar was seen as test case for Modi's popularity if the BJP could increase its tally at the expense of the JD(U). There was also speculation that Lalu Prasad Yadav could make a relative comeback after the 2010 provincial election if he is not convicted over the fodder scam. It also suggested that this would be an eager race as it could determine if Kumar's decision to leave the NDA in June 2013 was prudent and if he has any national political scope left; while for Modi it would give crucial seats to the BJP and be able to attract potential allies as Bihar is largely based on caste politics.[152][153] In January 2014, Kumar referred to Gandhi's stand against corruption as a "farce" after hearing of a meeting between Gandhi and RJD chief Lalu Prasad Yadav despite Yadav being out on bail, after being convicted in the fodder scam. He termed their alliance as "natural" and stated that them coming together was no surprise.[154]
- Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
The Raj Thackeray-led Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) announced its first list of seven candidates. Six of them contested against candidates of Shiv Sena. The party, however, also supported Modi's prime ministerial candidature. The move read as an implicit acceptance of the BJP's Nitin Gadkari's call not to contest against the NDA and to support its own candidates.[155]
- Nav Bharat Democratic Party
Nav Bharat Democratic stepped into the political arena with 9 candidates spread across Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. The party was established by RK Misra.[156]
- Samajwadi Party
Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav claimed that the Third Front government will be formed in the center with the help of his party.[157] To counter the "Modi-effect" on other constituencies near Varanasi, Yadav decided to contest from Azamgarh and Mainpuri.[158] The party decided not to field any candidates against the INC's Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi from Rai Bariely and Amethi, respectively, in response to the INC's decision not to field any candidates against Mulayam Singh Yadav and Dimple Yadav from Mainpuri and Kannauj, respectively.[159]
- Sikkim Democratic Front
On 10 March, the Sikkim Democratic Front declared that its incumbent MP, Prem Das Rai, would run for re-election. The party also released a list of 32 candidates for the Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2014 that will be held simultaneously with the election.[160]
- Trinamool Congress
All-India Trinamool Congress leader Mamata Banerjee declared that the party would contest all 42 seats in West Bengal by itself, making this the first occurrence of the party contesting a general election in West Bengal without an alliance with either of the two largest parties, BJP and INC.[161] Banerjee told a rally in Cooch Behar district, near the international border with Bangladesh, that she would take up the issue of the border enclaves upon ascertaining the views of the local people living in the adversely possessed areas. She further noted that she had opposed the central government's agreement in 2011 over the Teesta treaty of water-sharing between the two countries on the grounds of receding waters affecting drinking water availability.[162]
- YSR Congress Party
Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy's YSR Congress Party fielded candidates across Seemandhra and some districts of Telangana.[163] The party fielded several bureaucrats, businessmen and relatives of politicians for Lok Sabha seats in Seemandhra, including D. Kishore Rao, the former secretary of the Gujarat Human Rights Commission.[164] In a statement in March, Reddy stated that he would ally himself with whoever would win the election.[163]
Third Front[edit]
Fourteen political parties including the Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India, Revolutionary Socialist Party, All India Forward Bloc,[165] AIADMK,Janata Dal, Samajwadi Party, Biju Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, Janata Dal, Naga People's Front, Sikkim Democratic Front, Jharkhand Vikas Morcha andBharipa Bahujan Mahasangh participated in a convention of the parties not in alliance with the NDA nor UPA, which was held on 30 October 2013.[166] On 5 February 11 parties announced that they would work as one bloc on a "common agenda" in parliament. These included the CPI(M), CPI, RSP, AIFB, Samajwadi Party, JD(U), AIADMK, AGP, JVM, JD(S) and BJD.[167] However, there was speculation that the AGP and BJD were still in preparatory talks to re-join the NDA.[168] A consensus on a prime ministerial candidate, however, was not achieved.[169]
Though CPI (M) has sought to build what it terms a "secular and democratic alternative" to the INC and BJP, general secretary Prakash Karat discarded the notion that these moves would result in a Third Front electoral alliance.[170] He also suggested a possible Third Front would only emerge after the election.[171]
Opinion polls[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the Indian general election, 2014
Opinion polls generally showed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) to be the front runner in the election with the emergence of Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) as the single largest party.
| Conducted in Month(s) | Source | Polling Organisation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | UPA | Other | |||
| Jan 2014 | [172] | CNN-IBN-Lokniti-CSDS | 211 – 231 | 107–127 | 205 |
| Feb 2014 | [173] | ABP News-Nielsen | 236 | 92 | 215 |
| March 2014 | [174] | NDTV- Hansa Research | 230 | 128 | 185 |
| April 2014 | [175] | NDTV- Hansa Research | 275 | 111 | 157 |
Exit polls[edit]
The Election Commission of India banned the publication of all exit polls starting 48 hours before Phase 1 of the election until the end of Phase 9. This was intended to prevent exit polls from earlier phases affecting voter decisions in later phases. The ban ended after the close of Phase 9 voting at 6:30pm IST on 12 May 2014.[176]
| Publish Date | Source | Polling Organisation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | UPA | Other | |||
| 12 May 2014 | [177] | CNN-IBN – CSDS – Lokniti | 276 (±6) | 97 (±5) | 148 (±23) |
| [177][178] | India Today – Cicero | 272 (±11) | 115 (±5) | 156 (±6) | |
| [177][179] | News 24 – Chanakya | 340 (±14) | 70 (±9) | 133 (±11) | |
| [177] | Times Now – ORG | 249 | 148 | 146 | |
| [177][180] | ABP News – Nielsen | 274 | 97 | 165 | |
| [177] | India TV – CVoter | 289 | 101 | 148 | |
| 14 May 2014 | [181][182] | NDTV – Hansa Research | 279 | 103 | 161 |
| 12 May 2014 | [177] | Poll of Polls | 283 | 105 | 149 |
| 16 May 2014 | Actual Results[2] | 336 | 58 | 149 | |
Controversies[edit]
Further information: Campaigning in the Indian general election, 2014 § Controversies
During the course of the campaign, several controversies arose with parties being accused by one another and the Election Commission of India of violatingElection Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct that is in force during the election.
In the run-up to the election the media in India was criticised for its establishment ties between family owners and political parties. It caused self-censorship and editorial dismissals at certain media outlets, such as The Hindu for its ties to the INC.[183]
India Today temporarily suspended its CVoter opinion poll in late February after a News Express sting operation suggesting Polling Agencies like Ipsos and CVoter fudged the numbers to show BJP candidate Narendra Modi in the lead. The 2014 elections confirmed the accuracy of only one Polling company in India.[184]
Voting[edit]
According to the Election Commission of India, 814.5 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 100 million voters since the last general election in 2009,[5] making this the largest-ever election in the world.[6] Around 23.1 million or 2.7% of the total eligible voters were aged 18–19 years.[7]
In total there were 1.4 million electronic voting machines in 930,000 voting centres. The Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system which enables EVM to record each vote cast by generating the EVM slip, was introduced in 8 constituencies of Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur,Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram as a pilot project.[185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192] Also, Braille ballot sheets for the blind were arranged at polling stations. The scale of the election required 1.1 million of civil servants and 5.5 million civilian employees to handle the election. It was the first election that had the "none of the above" option and allowed Non-Resident Indians to vote; though only in India.[116] Security was increased during the election, particularly as the Communist Party of India (Maoist) (CPI (Maoist)) called for a boycott of the election.[193] On 12 April, even though there was no voting this day, a vehicle in Chhattisgarh hit a CPI (Maoist) landmine resulting in the deaths of two bus drivers and five election officials, with four more injured, while travelling from Kutru to Bijapur in preparation for the fifth phase of voting. On the same day, within an hour, they also ambushed a vehicle resulting in the deaths of five paramilitary soldiers in the Darbha forest.[194]The election was the longest and the most expensive general election in the history of the country, with the Election Commission of India estimating that the election did cost the exchequer 3500 crore (US$577 million), excluding the expenses incurred for security and by the individual political parties.[195] Parties were expected to spend 30,500 crore (US$5 billion) in the election, according to the Centre for Media Studies. This was three times the amount spent in the previous election in 2009, and was then the world's second highest after the US$7 billion spent on the 2012 US presidential election.[196]
3500 crore (US$577 million), excluding the expenses incurred for security and by the individual political parties.[195] Parties were expected to spend 30,500 crore (US$5 billion) in the election, according to the Centre for Media Studies. This was three times the amount spent in the previous election in 2009, and was then the world's second highest after the US$7 billion spent on the 2012 US presidential election.[196]
The election reportedly boosted the hospitality sector as, according to ASSOCHAM, tourist arrivals from the countries such as the US, UK, France, Singapore and the U.A.E. have gone up by 10–15, while the movement of domestic tourists jumped by 62%.[197]
Turnout[edit]
State/UT wise Voter Turnout Details[edit]
Based on data from Election Commission India[198]
| State/UT | Male Electors | Male Voters | Male Turnout | Female Electors | Female Voters | Female Turnout | Total Electors | Total Voters | Total Turnout | Total Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) | 142,782 | 101,178 | 70.86% | 126,578 | 89,150 | 70.43% | 269,360 | 190,328 | 70.66% | 1 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 32,670,930 | 24,352,913 | 74.54% | 32,267,820 | 24,005,632 | 74.39% | 64,938,750 | 48,358,545 | 74.47% | 42 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 379,627 | 289,291 | 76.2% | 379,760 | 307,665 | 81.02% | 759,387 | 596,956 | 78.61% | 2 |
| Assam | 9,787,209 | 7,876,763 | 80.48% | 9,098,065 | 7,209,120 | 79.24% | 18,885,274 | 15,085,883 | 79.88% | 14 |
| Bihar | 34,092,938 | 18,779,230 | 55.08% | 29,668,858 | 17,106,136 | 57.66% | 63,761,796 | 35,885,366 | 56.28% | 40 |
| Chandigarh (UT) | 333,621 | 244,956 | 73.42% | 281,593 | 208,499 | 74.04% | 615,214 | 453,455 | 73.71% | 1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 8,915,783 | 6,320,693 | 70.89% | 8,707,266 | 5,934,886 | 68.16% | 17,623,049 | 12,255,579 | 69.54% | 11 |
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) | 106,215 | 87,800 | 82.66% | 90,402 | 77,486 | 85.71% | 196,617 | 165,286 | 84.06% | 1 |
| Daman & Diu (UT) | 57,011 | 42,378 | 74.33% | 54,816 | 44,855 | 81.83% | 111,827 | 87,233 | 78.01% | 1 |
| Goa | 528,308 | 395,766 | 74.91% | 532,469 | 421,234 | 79.11% | 1,060,777 | 817,000 | 77.02% | 2 |
| Gujarat | 21,229,092 | 14,259,115 | 67.17% | 19,374,012 | 11,564,888 | 59.69% | 40,603,104 | 25,824,003 | 63.6% | 26 |
| Haryana | 8,716,612 | 6,351,584 | 72.87% | 7,381,137 | 5,143,566 | 69.69% | 16,097,749 | 11,495,150 | 71.41% | 10 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 2,474,430 | 1,569,632 | 63.43% | 2,335,641 | 1,528,869 | 65.46% | 4,810,071 | 3,098,501 | 64.42% | 4 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 3,802,021 | 1,927,584 | 50.7% | 3,400,142 | 1,639,279 | 48.21% | 7,202,163 | 3,566,863 | 49.52% | 6 |
| Jharkhand | 10,685,149 | 6,860,476 | 64.21% | 9,641,594 | 6,122,464 | 63.5% | 20,326,743 | 12,982,940 | 63.87% | 14 |
| Karnataka | 23,586,223 | 16,165,832 | 68.54% | 22,625,886 | 14,873,056 | 65.73% | 46,212,109 | 31,038,888 | 67.17% | 28 |
| Kerala | 11,734,258 | 8,678,185 | 73.96% | 12,592,391 | 9,297,708 | 73.84% | 24,326,649 | 17,975,893 | 73.89% | 20 |
| Lakshadweep (UT) | 25,433 | 21,585 | 84.87% | 24,489 | 21,654 | 88.42% | 49,922 | 43,239 | 86.61% | 1 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 25,309,830 | 16,734,556 | 66.12% | 22,808,210 | 12,905,240 | 56.58% | 48,118,040 | 29,639,796 | 61.6% | 29 |
| Maharashtra | 42,743,156 | 26,714,578 | 62.5% | 37,974,127 | 22,004,266 | 57.95% | 80,717,283 | 48,718,844 | 60.36% | 48 |
| Manipur | 871,431 | 685,427 | 78.66% | 902,894 | 727,210 | 80.54% | 1,774,325 | 1,412,637 | 79.62% | 2 |
| Meghalaya | 777,639 | 524,774 | 67.48% | 789,602 | 553,284 | 70.07% | 1,567,241 | 1,078,058 | 68.79% | 2 |
| Mizoram | 346,219 | 216,167 | 62.44% | 355,951 | 217,034 | 60.97% | 702,170 | 433,201 | 61.69% | 1 |
| Nagaland | 600,490 | 529,325 | 88.15% | 582,458 | 509,585 | 87.49% | 1,182,948 | 1,038,910 | 87.82% | 1 |
| NCT OF Delhi | 7,051,098 | 4,653,522 | 66.00% | 5,660,138 | 3,618,244 | 63.93% | 12,711,236 | 8,271,766 | 65.07% | 7 |
| Orissa | 15,194,309 | 11,032,523 | 72.61% | 14,001,732 | 10,499,752 | 74.99% | 29,196,041 | 21,532,275 | 73.75% | 21 |
| Puducherry (UT) | 432,048 | 351,360 | 81.32% | 469,309 | 388,657 | 82.81% | 901,357 | 740,017 | 82.1% | 1 |
| Punjab | 10,327,116 | 7,262,625 | 70.33% | 9,280,892 | 6,582,507 | 70.93% | 19,608,008 | 13,845,132 | 70.61% | 13 |
| Rajasthan | 22,638,323 | 14,627,976 | 64.62% | 20,331,124 | 12,482,068 | 61.39% | 42,969,447 | 27,110,044 | 63.09% | 25 |
| Sikkim | 190,886 | 158,222 | 82.89% | 179,725 | 150,745 | 83.88% | 370,611 | 308,967 | 83.37% | 1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 27,571,785 | 20,249,949 | 73.44% | 27,542,720 | 20,370,491 | 73.96% | 55,114,505 | 40,620,440 | 73.70% | 39 |
| Tripura | 1,217,575 | 1,035,722 | 85.06% | 1,171,244 | 988,137 | 84.37% | 2,388,819 | 2,023,859 | 84.72% | 2 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 76,071,444 | 44,979,619 | 59.13% | 62,894,376 | 36,112,683 | 57.42% | 138,965,820 | 81,092,302 | 58.35% | 80 |
| Uttarakhand | 3,751,098 | 2,268,767 | 60.48% | 3,378,841 | 2,123,123 | 62.84% | 7,129,939 | 4,391,890 | 61.6% | 5 |
| West Bengal | 32,689,449 | 26,886,706 | 82.25% | 30,143,679 | 24,735,849 | 82.06% | 62,833,128 | 51,622,555 | 82.16% | 42 |
| India | 437,051,538 | 293,236,779 | 67.09% | 397,049,941 | 260,565,022 | 65.63% | 834,101,479 | 553,801,801 | 66.40% | 543 |
- Phase 1: 7 April
Turnout was 75% in Assam and 84% in Tripura.[199] Assam's INC Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi said that "there is no Narendra Modi magic in Assam. The Congress has been winning every form of elections since 2001 in Assam, and we are going to repeat the performance this time." Additionally, the borders with Bangladesh and Bhutan were closed for security reasons.[200]
- Phase 2: 9 and 11 April
The turnouts were recorded at 82.5% in Nagaland, 71% in Arunachal Pradesh, 66% in Meghalaya and 70% in Manipur.[201][202] Mizoram's voting was deferred to 11 April,[203] where the turnout was 60%.[204]
- Phase 3: 10 April
About 110 million of people were eligible to vote for 91 seats. The turnout was 76% in Kerala, 64% in Delhi, 55.98% in Madhya Pradesh, 54.13% in Maharashtra, 65% in Uttar Pradesh and 66.29% in Jammu.[193] Kerala and Chandigarh set new voter turnout records. A higher proportion of eligible electors voted in 2014 than in 2009.[205]
- Phase 4: 12 April
Voter turnout set new records or were near record levels with 75% in Goa, 75% in Assam, 81.8% in Tripura and 80.97%[206] in Sikkim (including the Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2014).[207] West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee nearly cancelled the polls in her region after initially refusing to changes to the appointments of civil service departments, but was forced to constitutionally do so.[208]
- Phase 5: 17 April
The largest voting day involved nearly 200 million eligible voters,[209] 1,769 candidates for 121 seat. The voting turnout in Uttar Pradesh was 62%, West Bengal was 80%, over 70% in Odisha, 69% in Jammu and Kashmir, 54% in Madhya Pradesh and 62% in Jharkhand.[210] Manipur had 74%[209] and Maharashtra had a 61.7% turnout.[211] In Karnataka, the average voting was up on 65% against 58% in the previous election, though urban voters were lower.[212][213] In Chhattisgarh, the voter turnout was 63.44% compared to 57.6% in 2009, while Rajasthan recorded a 63.25% voter turnout, compared to 48.09% in 2009.[214] In Bihar's seven constituencies, the turnout was 56%, compared to 39% in 2009.[215] In one of six constituencies from Jammu and Kashmir, Udhampur, the turnout of 70% was significantly higher than the 2009 figure of 45%.[216] Overall across India, the turnout on the day was over 65%[209] and nearly all constituencies had a higher voter turnout than 2009.[216]
- Phase 6: 24 April
The second largest voting day entailed 180 million eligible voters across 201,735 voting centres to elect 117 members of parliament from 2,098 candidates.[217]Tamil Nadu set a new voter turnout record for Lok Sabha elections with 73%, while West Bengal experienced the highest voter turnout for the day at 82%.[218] As compared to that, urban centres such as Mumbai and Chennai saw lower voter turnouts, but bettered their figures from previous years. Mumbai witnessed a 53% turnout, compared to 41% in 2009.[219] The rural areas of Maharashtra saw over 60% turnout, Madhya Pradesh had 64%, Uttar Pradesh had over 60%, Chhattisgarh had about 66%, Assam had over 70%,[220] Bihar has about 60%, Jharkhand had 63.4%, Rajasthan had about 60% and Pudhucherry had about 82%.[217][221] One of six constituencies from Jammu and Kashmir, Anantnag, had the lowest turnout of 28%, after a boycott call by separatists,[222] an attack on 22 April that killed three people,[223] and with thousands of Kashmiri Pandits protesting in the afternoon that their names were missing from the electoral roll.[224] As with previous phases, the overall voter turnout for the day was higher than 2009.[225] In both Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, the turnout was about 9% higher, while Uttar Pradesh saw a 13% increase.[217][220]
- Phase 7: 30 April
The 7th phase of voting entailed about 140 million eligible voters to elect 89 members of parliament from 1,295 candidates in 7 states and 2 Union Territories.[226]Punjab set a new record in its voter turnout for general elections with 73%.[227] Gujarat saw the highest jump in voter turnout for the day with 62% turnout compared to 48% turnout in 2009 Lok Sabha elections. The nine constituencies in West Bengal reported over 81% turnout.[228] Uttar Pradesh witnessed 57% turnout compared to 48% in 2009, while Bihar saw 60% compared to 52% in 2009.[226] One of six constituencies from Jammu and Kashmir, eligible to vote in this phase, had the lowest turnout for the day at 26% compared to 25.55% in 2009, after a boycott call by separatists.[229] Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, which will become India's new state on 2 June 2014, saw nearly 72% turnout to elect Lok Sabha members as well as its first state government.[228] The aggregate turnout so far in the first 7 phases for 438 parliamentary seats has been 66.20%, significantly more than 57.41% figure in 2009 general elections.[227]
- Phase 8: 7 May
The 8th phase saw voting for 64 Lok Sabha seats in 7 states with 897 candidates competing.[230] Along with the general elections, polls were also held for the first Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh excluding Telangana region.[231] The voter turnout was high, with West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh each setting their respective general election voter turnout records. West Bengal recorded 81% polling compared to 78% for 2009.[230] Andhra Pradesh recorded nearly 76% voter turnout.[232] Himachal Pradesh saw about 66% turnout compared to 58% for 2009.[233] Uttarakhand also set a new voter turnout record with 62% compared to 53% in 2009.[234] The 2 constituencies of Jammu & Kashmir that voted witnessed a 49.9% turnout,[230] while constituencies of Bihar saw 58% compared to 45% in 2009.[234] Uttar Pradesh experienced a 55.5% turnout compared to 43.4% in 2009.[235]
- Phase 9: 12 May
The 9th and last phase of voting entailed over 90 million eligible voters to elect 41 members of parliament from 606 candidates in 3 states.[236] The 6 seats in Bihar saw a voter turnout of 58%, compared to 46% in 2009.[236] Uttar Pradesh's 18 constituencies witnessed a 55.3% turnout, compared to 46.6% in 2009.[237] In West Bengal, the 17 constituencies that voted, saw a turnout of about 80% compared to 82% in 2009.[237]
The 2014 general elections, according to the Election Commission of India, recorded a cumulative total of 66.38% voter turnout, or 551.3 million out of 814 million eligible people casting their vote, according to provisional figures.[238] The 2014 turnout surpassed India's previous highest voter turnout record of 64% in 1984 general elections.[236][239] The voter turnout in 2009 general elections was 58.19%, while 2004 general elections saw a voter turnout of 56.98%.[239] The 2014 general elections entailed 8,202 candidates competing for 543 seats.[240]
Re-polls[edit]
Many locations required re-polling for various reasons. There was re-polling on 9 polling stations in Orissa on 25 April.[241][242] The Election Commission ordered re-polls in 52 polling booths (30 in Andhra Pradesh, 11 in Uttar Pradesh and 11 in West Bengal) because of complaints of booth capturing, rigging, violence or as demanded by the locals. The re-poll was held on 13 May. In Uttar Pradesh, re-polls were held in 3 polling booths in Muzaffarnagar, 7 in Ferozabad and 1 in Badaun.[243][244] Re-polling also occurred on 14 May in Arunachal Pradesh and on 15 May in the states of Nagaland and Haryana.[245][246][247][248] The Left parties and BJP alleged mass rigging and booth capturing by Trinamool Congress at thousands of polling stations in West Bengal.[249][250][251][252] AAP demanded re-polling in 108 booths.[246][253]
Congress demanded re-polling at 1,344 polling stations in Nagaland.[254] Re-polling was done in two polling stations in Tamil Nadu on 10 May and in 3 polling stations in Seemandhra on 13 May.[255][256][257][258] In Bihar, there was re-polling on 2 polling stations of Sitamarhi on 11 May and 3 polling stations in Muzaffarnagar went to re-polling on 13 May.[258][259][260][261] On 15 May, there was re-polling in one booth in Tamil Nadu, and at 5 booths in West Bengal, Bihar, Nagaland.[262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269] It was reported that not a single voter turned up for a re-poll at 5 polling stations in Nagaland on 15 May.[270][271] On 12 May, the Bombay High court declined to order supplementary polling for voters in Maharashtra whose names were missing from the electoral rolls. There were speculated to be as many as 100,000 voters missing from the electoral roll in Pune and as many as 200,000 missing from electoral roll in Mumbai.[272][273][274][275][276]
Voting pattern[edit]
The BJP secured 39% support from first time voters, while Congress received 19% of the first time votes.[7]
The NDA won 39 of 74 seats where Muslim voters make up between 21 to 95% of the total electorate. The BJP won all 16 seats in Uttar Pradesh. It also secured 5 out of 9 such seats in Bihar. Analyst Saeed Naqvi believes that Amit Shah managed to convince Dalits and OBC voters to elect the BJP as "Muslim appeasers in an atmosphere of perpetual communal tension".[277]
The BJP won all 26 seats in Gujarat, marking the first time a single party won all seats in the state. The previous record was held by the Congress which won 25 of the 26 seats in the 1984 general election.[278]
The assembly segment-wise result of Lok Sabha elections in Uttar Pradesh shows that the BJP was number one in 328 seats, while the ruling SP led in just 42. Congress was ahead in 15, BSP 9 and Apna Dal 9. In 2012, SP had formed government by winning 224 assembly seats. BSP had won 80, BJP 47, Congress 28 and Apna Dal one.[279]
Similarly, in Maharashtra BJP-Shiva Sena alliance has got a lead in 246 assembly segments out of the total 288.[280]
By bagging seven of the 10 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana, BJP remained ahead on 52 assembly segments in the state. Its ally HJC could not win any of the Lok Sabha seats it contested, but its candidates remained ahead in seven assembly segments. BJP contested 8 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana, leaving two constituencies for its alliance partner HJC. BJP candidates remained ahead in all 27 assembly segments of Ambala, Karnal and Faridabad parliamentary constituencies. BJP won all seats except Rohtak where its candidate Om Prakash Dhankar lost to Haryana chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda's son and sitting MP Deepender Hooda.[281]
Results[edit]
Main articles: Results of the Indian general election, 2014 and List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha
| 336 | 58[2] | 149 |
| BJP+NDA | INC+UPA | Others |
| Party | BJP | INC | AIADMK | AITMC | BJD | SS | TDP | TRS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leader | Narendra Modi | Rahul Gandhi | Jayalalithaa | Mamata Banerjee | Naveen Patnaik | Uddhav Thackeray | N. Chandrababu Naidu | K. Chandrasekhar Rao |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| Votes | 31.0%, 171,637,684 | 19.3%, 106,935,311 | 3.3%, 18,115,825 | 3.8%, 21,259,681 | 1.7%, 9,491,497 | 1.9%, 10,262,982 | 2.52% | 2.1% |
| Seats | 282 (51.9%) | 44 (8.1%) | 37 (6.8%) | 34 (6.2%) | 20 (3.6%) | 18 (3.3%) | 16 (2.9%) | 11 (2.1%) |
282 / 543
|
44 / 543
|
37 / 543
|
34 / 543
|
20 / 543
|
18 / 543
|
16 / 543
|
11 / 543
|
Criminal background of winners
About one-third of all winners had at least one pending criminal case against them, with some having serious criminal cases.[282]
A candidate with criminal case(s) had 13% chance of winning the election, whereas a candidate with a clean record had only 5% chance of winning. (Here, chance of winning = No. of winners in the categoryTotal no. of candidates in that category.)[283]
Financial background of winners
Out of the 542 members analysed, 443 (82%) are having assets of 1 crore (US$160,000) or more. In the 15th Lok Sabha, out of 521 members analysed, 300 (58%) members had assets of 1 crore (US$160,000) or more.[155]
1 crore (US$160,000) or more. In the 15th Lok Sabha, out of 521 members analysed, 300 (58%) members had assets of 1 crore (US$160,000) or more.[155]
The average assets per member are 14.7 crore (US$2.3 million) (in 2009, this figure was5.35 crore (US$840,000)).
14.7 crore (US$2.3 million) (in 2009, this figure was5.35 crore (US$840,000)).Results by state[edit]
(Please help expand this section with correct data) National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won the election. Its constituents were Bharatiya Janata Party, Akali Dal, Shiv Sena, Telugu Desam, et al. Constituents of United Progressive Alliance (UPA) were Congress, Lalu Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party (NCP of Sharad Pawar), Kerala Muslim League, et al.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands (1): BJP: 1
Andhra Pradesh (25): NDA (TDP:15 + BJP:2): 17, YSRC: 8
Arunachal Pradesh (2): INC: 1, BJP: 1
Assam (14): BJP: 7, INC: 3, AIDUF: 3, IND: 1
Bihar (40): NDA: 31 (BJP: 22, LJP: 6, RLSP: 3), UPA: 7 (RJD: 4, INC: 2, NCP:1) JD-U: 2
Chandigarh (1): BJP: 1
Chhattisgarh (11) BJP: 10, INC: 1
Delhi (7): BJP: 7
Goa (2): BJP:2
Gujarat (26) BJP: 26
Haryana (10): BJP: 7, INLD: 2, INC: 1
Himachal Pradesh (4): BJP: 4
Jammu & Kashmir (6): BJP: 3, People's Democratic Party (PDP): 3
Jharkhand (14): BJP: 12, JMM: 2
Karnataka (28): BJP: 17, INC: 9, JD(S): 2
Kerala (20) Congress 8, CPM: 5, IUML: 2, KC(M): 1, CPI: 1, RSP: 1, IND supported by left: 2
Madhya Pradesh (29): BJP: 27, INC: 2
Maharashtra (48): NDA:42 (BJP: 23, Shiv Sena: 18, SWP: 1) UPA:6 (INC: 2, NCP: 4)
Odisha (21): BJD: 20, BJP: 1
Punjab (13): NDA:6 (SAD: 4, BJP:2), AAP 4, INC: 3
Rajasthan (25): BJP: 25
Tamil Nadu (39): AIADMK: 37, NDA:2 (BJP: 1, PMK: 1)
Telangana (17): TRS: 11, AIMIM: 1, BJP:1, TDP: 1, INC: 2, YSRCP: 1
Uttar Pradesh (80): NDA: 73 ( BJP:71, AD: 2) SP: 5, INC: 2
Uttarakhand (5): BJP: 5
West Bengal (42): TMC: 34, INC: 4, BJP: 2, CPM: 2
Results by Alliance[edit]
National Democratic Alliance: 336. (BJP: 282, Shiv Sena: 18, Telugu Desam: 16, Akali Dal: 4, Paswan's Lok Janshakti Party: 6)
United Progressive Alliance: 60 (Congress: 44, Sharad Pawar's NCP: 6, Lalu Yadav's RJD: 4)
AIADMK: 37, Trinamool Congress: 34
United Progressive Alliance: 60 (Congress: 44, Sharad Pawar's NCP: 6, Lalu Yadav's RJD: 4)
AIADMK: 37, Trinamool Congress: 34
Reactions[edit]
Domestic[edit]
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- Economic
The country's economic indicators were performing well in advance of the result in expectation of a BJP win, on the perception that Modi is business-friendly. The benchmark BSE Sensex and CNX Nifty indices hit record highs and the Indian rupee strengthened following months of poor performance.[284] On the result day, as early vote counts gave the BJP a majority lead, the Sensex reached a record high of 25,375.63 points.[285] It ended the day at a new closing high of 24,121.74. The Nifty reached a record high of 7,563.50, before ending the day at a new closing high of 7,203.[286] The Indian rupee rose to an 11-month high of 58.62 against the US dollar and closed at 58.79.[287] Deutsche Bank revised its December 2014 target for the Sensex to 28,000, and Macquarie revised its 12-month target for the Nifty to 8,400 from 7,200. Edelweiss set its December 2014 targets for the Sensex and Nifty at 29,000 and 9,000 respectively.[288]
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- Media
India Times suggested that the election was watched in Pakistan with Modi being the less popular candidate than AAP's Kejriwal. Comparisons were made between the latter and the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf's Imran Khan.[289] Analysts suggested a high turnout would favour the BJP as it indicates an increase in participation of urban voters who are the party's traditional vote bank. Others have suggested however, that this could indicate an increase in voting amongst the 150 million Muslims that generally support the INC. Varghese K George, the political editor of The Hindu said that both readings rely on too many assumptions but that the only reading so far was the BJP was "doing well [and] Modi is managing to make some connection with voters and the Congress is doing pretty badly."[290]
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- Politicians
When it became clear that the BJP would win the election, Narendra Modi tweeted, "India has won! Bharat ki Vijay. Ache din ane wale hai (good days are ahead)."[291] This tweet instantly became India's most retweeted Twitter post.[292] Manmohan Singh congratulated Modi by telephone.[293][294] Congress President Sonia Gandhi accepted the defeat and congratulated the new government saying, "I congratulate the next government. I take full responsibility for the loss of Congress." Rahul Gandhi also did the same saying, "The new government has been given a mandate by the people. As Congress Vice President I hold myself responsible. The Congress party has done badly."[295]
Former Minister of Rural Development Jairam Ramesh said, "I am surprised by the results, especially in Telangana and Jharkhand. There was clearly a Modi effect."[296]
Union minister in the outgoing government Milind Deora told The Indian Express on 21 May that although "many factors" led to the party's defeat and Rahul's leadership alone could not be blamed, "it was not about one person's image but the people surrounding that person also. Deora stated that many party members felt that the decision makers in the party had "no electoral experience...no stature, standing, respect and credibility in the party". He accused the people who "were in charge of important departments and held key positions" of not listening to party cadres and MPs, which he believed prevented a "diverse opinion" from being heard and "shut out a lot of people". Deora stated, "A lot of us felt our voices were never heard. We felt our voices don't matter. This has to change. The MPs and ministers should not feel we are being not heard. It is not the advisors alone. The people who take the advice also have to bear responsibility. Those who gave advice and those who received the advice as also those who feel they can give better advice – all have to bear responsibility." Deora felt the party had to "open up" and "promote avenues for dissent and debate internally". When asked who was blame, Deora said, "there are many people from top to bottom ... there was lack of coordination and the response was slow ... there was a very unresponsive attitude. ... the buck stops with the party."[297][298] Although this statement received support from several Congress members, Deora clarified on Twitter, "My comments are out of emotions of deep loyalty to the party, pain of our performance & a sincere desire to see us bounce back. Nothing more." Senior party leader Satyavrat Chaturvedi expressed hope that an "honest and ruthless introspection" would be carried out fix the problems. He further stated that while Deora's statement may not have been fully correct, a "large portion of what he said is correct". Congress members such as Jairam Ramesh, Madan Gopal and Kanishka Singh criticised Rahul Gandhi's aides.[299]
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- Individuals
Rajnikanth congratulated Narendra Modi on Twitter for his "historic win". The actor also congratulated Jayalalithaa for her party's performance in the election.[300]Tamil actor Dhanush also tweeted congratulations to Modi. Several Bollywood celebrities including Subhash Ghai, Vishal Dadalani, Lata Mangeshkar, Ranvir Shorey, Vivek Oberoi, Baba Sehgal, Shekhar Kapur, Arshad Warsi, Preity Zinta, Arjun Rampal, Farhan Akhtar, Karan Johar, Sangeeth Sivan, Kabir Bedi, Anupam Kher, Madhur Bhandarkar, Atul Kasbekar and Pritish Nandy tweeted congratulations to Modi and the BJP for their victory.[301][302]
President of Film Federation of India Ravi Kottarakara congratulated Modi "on behalf of the entire Indian film fraternity". CEO of the Film & TV Producers Guild of India Kulmmet Makkar described the "clear mandate" as being "great" for the Indian film industry. He also expressed "positive hopes" from the new government.
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